Types
Complex data types
object
An object is the native return type of a proto. It is created when a class is instantiated. A class can contain other classes, functions, variables and constructors. A class doesn't need a constructor to be instantiated. A class can also have fixed methods which can be accessed from the proto scope (the class must not be instantiated for them to be called).
See: Declaring classes
struct
Structs can have variables, stored in them. They can not contain functions (however, they can contain lambdas) or user-defined constructors. They're constructed sequentially (constructor parameters are passed in, in the same sequence the variables are defined in the struct).
A struct is declared like a block. Every variable declared in a struct is public.
See: Declaring structs
proto
A proto is the entry point of a class/struct/library. There are 2 types of protos: non-instantiable protos and instantiable protos. As the name implies, non-instantiable protos can not be instantiated, while instantiable protos can be.
The constructor of a class or a struct is a proto, so are types imported from a library.
See: Declaring protos
lambda
A lambda is an anonymous function. In Hades, there are 2 types of lambdas: the simple lambda and the complex lambda.
Like a function, a lambda can contain other function, class or struct definitions which can not only be used inside the lambda, but can also be returned.
See: Declaring lambdas
Simple data types
int
The int (or integer) datatype stores whole numbers. Its size can vary from 8 bit (int8) to 64 bit (int64) and can be signed or unsigned (uint8, uint64). The default int type is 32 bit.
string
A string variable stores text. There's virtually no upper limit for the size of a string.
float
The float stores a floating point number. Its size can vary from 32 bit (float32) to 64 bit (float64 or double). The default float type is 32 bit.
bool
The bool can store a single bit represented by the values true (meaning 1) or false (meaning 0).
atom
An atom is a constant whose value is its name. They can be used to express certain operation states like :ok or :error. Atoms may contain - and _ but not ..
An atom is declared like so :name.
pid
A pid or process id is a reference to another thread. You can obtain the pid by either spawning a process or calling self().
Summary
Datatype | Range | Default Value |
uint8 | 0 to 255 | 0 |
uint16 | 0 to 65,535 | 0 |
uint32/uint | 0 to 4,294,967,295 | 0 |
uint64 | 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 | 0 |
int8 | -128 to 127 | 0 |
int16 | -32,768 to 32,767 | 0 |
int32/int | -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 | 0 |
int64 | -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 | 0 |
string | Pseudo infinite | "" |
float32/float | 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 | 0.0 |
float64/double | 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 | 0.0 |
bool | false or true | false |
atom | Pseudo infinite | :_ |
pid | 0 to 4,294,967,295 | 0 |
Since every simple data type has a default value, per default you can not assign null to a variable with a simple datatype. If you want to make a variable of a simple data type nullable, you have to explicitly declare said variable as nullable. This can be done with appending a ? after the data type of the variable. A constant variable cannot be nullable.
Examples
Arrays
One-dimensional array
In Hades an array can be declared as an array of a fixed size or as an infinite array. The maximum theoretical maximum length of an array is 2,146,435,071.
Infinite arrays have n dimensions, meaning they can also be used as a multi-dimensional array.
Multi-dimensional array
Multi dimensional arrays are arrays of arrays. Just like normal arrays they can be declared with a fixed size.
See: Declaring arrays
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